Pmbok.

PMI, the world’s leading authority on project management, created the PMP to recognize project managers who have proven they have project leadership experience and expertise in any way of working. To obtain PMP certification, a project manager must meet certain requirements and then pass a 180-question exam. The PMP exam was created by ...

Pmbok.. The PMBOK is a detailed framework of nine knowledge areas, broken down into activities across five stages or process groups of the project life cycle, that are claimed to encompass the sum of knowledge generally recognized as good practice in the project management profession. In addition to these detailed knowledge areas, tools and …

これを念頭に、『プロジェクトマネジメント知識体系ガイド(PMBOK® ガイド)』第7版では、専門職の基本的な概念と考え方について詳しく説明しています。. 本書は、『プロジェクトマネジメント標準』と『PMBOK® ガイド』の両方を含み、プロジェクト ...

members can purchase the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition in an eBook and print formats via IPG, Eurospan, and other resellers. 11. How much will it cost? The list price of the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition is US$99. PMI members are able to access a digital PDF version of the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition in English for free and can ...If the problem persists contact the administrator. PMI offers an advanced selection of research in our Learning Library articles. Learn more about project management, agile, business analysis, and more here.You can do this! PMP® Exam Prep Seminar: ID 109EPSWB. 20 hours for technical skills. 9 hours for business skills. 6 hours for leadership skills. 35 PDUs / 35 contact hours for the PMP exam application. 90-question pre-assessment exam. 90-question end-of-course assessment exam. 20-questions in each section.Step 7 - Save PDF File on your device. When prompted, select "Save" to save the PDF to your device. Download the Previous Edition. PMI members can still download the PMBOK ® Guide, 6th Edition. Simply scroll down on the same page and you'll see the section PMBOK ® Guide - Sixth Edition with a drop down list for language selection, and a Download button.No self-respecting Project Manager should be ignorant of one of our primary reference documents, the PMI's Project Management Body of Knowledge, or PMBOK. So...

The only other resource I really used was PMBOK Guide and Andrews other Exam prep practice questions book. My Approach I read/ studied PMP Exam Prep Simplified a couple times went through the practice questions until I started to hit the 80% - 90% range. Felt very confident Skimmed through PMBOK 6 to mainly review topics I was struggling with.According to the PMBOK, scope management has six processes: Plan Scope Management: Planning the process, and creating a scope management plan. Collect Requirements: Defining and documenting the stakeholder's needs. Define Scope: Developing a detailed project scope statement. Create WBS: Subdividing project deliverables into smaller work units.The Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures - Second Edition (Reaffirmed) provides direction for the preliminary development and implementation of the WBS. Throughout this standard, you will learn what characterizes a high-quality WBS and discover the substantial benefits of using the WBS in everyday, real-life situations.The Project Management Institute (PMI) released the PMBOK® Guide, Seventh Edition in August 2021. This edition is a principles-based guide as opposed to the process-based guide of the Sixth Edition. In this article, let's look at each principle and why each one matters with respect to managing risks.Being a Certified Associate Project Manager (CAPM) ® certification holder contributes to career opportunities at entry and associate levels, such as project coordinator and junior project manager. Earning your CAPM certification means automatically meeting the 35 hours of project management education and training required to sit for the PMP exam.A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide) – Seventh Edition and The Standard for Project Management Project Management Institute Global Headquarters 14 Campus Boulevard Newtown Square, PA 19073 USA Tel: +1 610 356 4600 PMI.org PMBOK_Guide_7thED_cover_spread.indd 1 5/3/21 4:57 PMThis is the PMBOK Guide 7th Edition Explained in 15 Minutes! DOWNLOAD MY FREE PMBOK Guide 7th Edition Cheatsheet: → https://www.alvinthepm.com/pm7/ In t...

The five PMBOK process groups are: Initiating Process Group: Processes required to launch a new project or a new project phase. Planning Process Group: Processes related to defining and planning the extent of the project, as well as planning how it will be executed. Executing Process Group: Processes related to the completion of project ...fourth printing of the PMBOK® Guide – Sixth Edition. In order to verify the print run of your book (or PDF), refer to the bottom of the copyright page. The last numeral in the string beginning with “10 9 8” etc., denotes the printing of that particular copy. Copies of the corrected pages are attached for convenience.Experienced Planning, Scheduling, and Cost Control Especially Construction Detail Work… · Pengalaman: PanAust · Pendidikan: Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) · Lokasi: Area DKI Jakarta · 500+ koneksi di LinkedIn. Lihat profil Yanda Satria Hadi Surya, PMP®, PMI-SP, RMP di LinkedIn, sebuah komunitas profesional dengan 1 miliar anggota.The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a set of standard terminology and guidelines (a body of knowledge) for project management.The body of knowledge evolves over time and is presented in A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), a book whose seventh edition was released in 2021.This document results from work overseen by the Project Management Institute ...The PMBOK® Guide —our flagship publication, now in its seventh edition—has evolved to meet your needs. Unlock effective project management in any industry with the PMBOK® Guide. The world-renowned project management book features The Standard for Project Management, which serves as the foundation for the vast body of knowledge in the ...This is the PMBOK Guide 7th Edition Explained in 15 Minutes! DOWNLOAD MY FREE PMBOK Guide 7th Edition Cheatsheet: → https://www.alvinthepm.com/pm7/ In t...

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PMBOK(Project Management Body of Knowledge)は、プロジェクトマネジメントのバイブルとして広く知られています。 PMBOKは、プロジェクトマネジメントの標準的なフレームワークとして世界中で広く受け入れられており、多くの組織やプロジェクトチームがそのガイドラインに従ってプロジェクトを推進 ...PMBOKガイドは、最初、 1987年 に米国PM学会によって ホワイトペーパー として出版された。. その目的は、広く適用できるプロジェクトマネジメントの情報や実践方法の文書化と標準化であった [2] 。. 1996年 に初版が、 2000年 に第2版が出版された。. 2004年には ...1. There must be a project as defined in the PMBOK, and not just a task or an ongoing activity. The logic of this should be self-evident. PM is a tool for effective and efficient management of projects. It is not necessarily a useful or an appropriate system for ongoing factory production or for making a phone call. 2.PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide …A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK (R)) Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK (R) Guide - Seventh Edition is structured around eight project performance domains.

Apr 27, 2023 · Each of these project management knowledge areas needs to be managed throughout the five project life cycle phases, which are project initiation, project planning, project execution, monitoring and controlling, and project closing. These are the chronological phases that every project goes through, also referred to as project management process ... Dalam manajemen proyek, Project Management Body of Knowledge Guide atau PMBOK Guide adalah dokumen yang berisi kumpulan proses, praktik, terminologi, dan pedoman yang dijadikan sebagai standar dalam industri manajemen proyek. Pada dasarnya PMBOK ini bukanlah metodologi, PMBOK dapat diartikan …PMBOK Guide je procesně orientovaná metodika. Cíle je dosahováno pomocí definovaných procesů. Každý proces má určeny své vstupy a výstupy a techniky a návody, jak by měl být prováděn. V edici 2008 je každý proces doplněn diagramem datových toků, tak aby byla jasná provázanost jednotlivých procesů. Metodiku tvoří 5 ... PMI, the world’s leading authority on project management, created the PMP to recognize project managers who have proven they have project leadership experience and expertise in any way of working. To obtain PMP certification, a project manager must meet certain requirements and then pass a 180-question exam. The PMP exam was created by ... PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® …The Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures - Second Edition (Reaffirmed) provides direction for the preliminary development and implementation of the WBS. Throughout this standard, you will learn what characterizes a high-quality WBS and discover the substantial benefits of using the WBS in everyday, real-life situations.PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh ...Integration PMBOK Knowledge Area: This is the only project management knowledge area that has processes in each five process groups. These processes are developing the project charter, developing the project management plan, directing and managing the project work, monitoring and controlling the project work, performing integrated change control, and closing the project or phase.The PMBOK® goal is to enable organizations to standardize project management practices across departments. It also helps project managers work with a standardized system across organizations. This means that a project manager who moves from one company to another can use the same practices. The methods are well …Integration PMBOK Knowledge Area: This is the only project management knowledge area that has processes in each five process groups. These processes are developing the project charter, developing the project management plan, directing and managing the project work, monitoring and controlling the project work, performing integrated change control, and closing the project or phase. You can do this! PMP® Exam Prep Seminar: ID 109EPSWB. 20 hours for technical skills. 9 hours for business skills. 6 hours for leadership skills. 35 PDUs / 35 contact hours for the PMP exam application. 90-question pre-assessment exam. 90-question end-of-course assessment exam. 20-questions in each section.

fourth printing of the PMBOK® Guide - Sixth Edition. In order to verify the print run of your book (or PDF), refer to the bottom of the copyright page. The last numeral in the string beginning with "10 9 8" etc., denotes the printing of that particular copy. Copies of the corrected pages are attached for convenience.

PMBOK 5 - Process Groups and Knowledge Areas Matrix. The Matrix shows the Knowledge Areas down the side, the Process Groups along the top and then maps the difference processes in the relevant boxes where those two axes cross. For example, at the junction of Project Integration Management and the Initiating Process Group you have the process to ...Descarga el PMBOK Quinta edición español.pdf, una guía de referencia para la gestión de proyectos basada en los estándares del PMI. Aprende las mejores prácticas y metodologías para planificar, ejecutar y controlar tus proyectos.A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Seventh Edition has been updated to better align to how people work today and help you be more proactive, innovative, and nimble. Advertisement. Featured Selections. The Standard for Program Management — 5th Edition.The PMBOK® Guide summarizes the tools and techniques associated with quality management in the table shown in Exhibit 1. Project quality management is broken down into three main processes: Quality Planning, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control. At first glance each process group has an imposing list of inputs, tools and techniques, and ...The Project Management Body of Knowledge ( PMBOK) is a publication of the Project Management Institute (PMI). The first version of the PMBOK was published in 1987, the second version in 1996, the third version in 2004, the fourth in 2008, and the fifth in 2013. Members of the PMI can download a digital copy of the PMBOK for free.Managing Change in Organizations: A Practice Guide. Go in-depth on the change management processes discussed in our foundational standards. This guide helps project and program managers to identify and account for change elements within a project or…. Practice guides provide supporting information and instruction to help organizations and ...PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the …Qué es PMBOK. PMBOK son las siglas de Project Management Body of Knowledge.Su título en castellano es Guía de los Fundamentos para la Gestión de Proyectos.Una guía desarrollada por el Project Management Institute (PMI) y que cada cierto tiempo (4, 5 años normalmente) se va actualizando con las nuevas tendencias y buenas prácticas en Gestión y Dirección de Proyectos.Oct 19, 2008 · The PMBOK® Guide acknowledges this iterative method of continuous improvement and mapped its project management process groups to the PDCA cycle (Exhibit 4). These project management process groups defined by the PMBOK® Guide are Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, and Closing.

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PMBOK چیست؟ عبارت (PMBOK) مخفف Project Management Body Of Knowledge می‌باشد، در فارسی به گستره دانش مدیریت پروژه ، یا به شکل ساده‌‌تر به دانش مدیریت پروژه ترجمه شده.منظور از Body Of Knowledge مجموعه‌ای کامل و جامع از اطلاعات و مهارت‌ها می‌باشد که ...Project managers are responsible for various things on-the-job, including: Identifying project goals and scope. Planning and documenting project tasks. Ensuring deliverables are delivered on-time. Managing all project resources. Effectively communicating with stakeholders. Eliminating blockers and potential risks.PMBOK, or the Project Management Body of Knowledge, is a collection of standards, best practices, and procedures for planning and executing on projects successfully. It was …The Standard for Program Management - Fifth Edition. Business Analysis for Practitioners - SECOND Edition. PMI Standards & Guides. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - Seventh Edition and The Standard for Project Management (ENGLISH) The Standard for Risk Management in Portfolios, Programs, and Projects.The PMBOK guide breaks down project management into 49 processes. These are then grouped under process groups or knowledge areas. PMBOK five process groups: Project Initiation Process: Processes needed to launch a new project. Planning Process: Processes defining and planning the project, and how it will be executed. Project management framework (an overview of the Project Management Body of Knowledge) Project Management Journal, 17 (3), 25–30. The act of creating PMI's initial A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) was a massive undertaking involving numerous project management practitioners discussing and debating the finer ... If the problem persists contact the administrator. PMI offers an advanced selection of research in our Learning Library articles. Learn more about project management, agile, business analysis, and more here.The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a document containing standard terminology, best practices and process guidelines around project management as defined by the Project Management Institute (PMI). Currently in its sixth edition, the body of knowledge was created to evolve over time and is internationally recognized as an … ….

The APM Body of Knowledge is a foundational resource, providing the concepts, functions and activities that make up professional project management.. It seeks to reflect the developing profession, recognising project-based working at all levels, and across all sectors for influencers, decision makers, project professionals and their teams.PMI has recruited volunteers to create industry standards, such as "A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge", which has been recognized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). In 2012 ISO adapted the project management processes from the PMBOK Guide 4th edition. Bio from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Read full bio PMI日本支部の概要、組織、活動等についてご紹介します。. PMI日本支部は、世界最大のプロジェクトマネジメント協会 (PMI)の日本における支部として、日本国内でのプロジェクトマネジメントの普及を目的に、さまざまなステークホルダーと共に活動してい ... The PMBOK Guide is not a prescription for how to do project management. Various bodies create and approve standards and ANSI is one such national standards body. In 1999 ANSI approved the standard that is included in the PMBOK Guide. There are other standards however, notably the ISO 21500.In A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - Fifth Edition, the Project Management Office (PMO) is defined as "a management structure that standardizes the project-related governance processes and facilitates the sharing of resources, methodologies, tools, and techniques" (PMI, 2013a, p. 10).The PMBOK® Guide is especially well known for defining 10 critical knowledge areas, which make up the key realms in the Project Management Professional (PMP®) certification exam, which the PMI sponsors. According to the PMI, the 10 knowledge areas of project management are as follows:Sep 1, 2023 · PMBOK(ピンボック)は「Project Management Body Knowledge」の略でプロジェクトマネジメントに関する手法やノウハウを体系的にまとめた参考書のようなものです。. PMBOKは1987年にアメリカに本部を置くPMI(Project Management Institute)という非営利団体が「A Guide to the ... PMBOK es un diseño estándar para la gestión de proyectos elaborado por el PMI. Su objetivo es facilitar la implementación de intervenciones en casi cualquier área de la vida humana. Con esto nos referimos a un modelo de administración que puede ser usado en proyectos como: La ampliación de un centro comercial. La inauguración de un ... Pmbok., PMBOK とは Project Management Body of Knowledge の頭文字を取って作られたビジネス用語で、プロジェクトマネジメントの知識体系のことを指します。. PMBOK の読み方は「ピンボック」です。. プロジェクトを計画通りに遂行するには、適切な管理が必要不可欠となり ..., What is the PMBOK Guide? Understanding and Interpreting. PMBOK 7 principles. Be a diligent, respectful, and caring steward. Create a collaborative project team environment. Effectively engage with stakeholders. Focus on value. Recognize, evaluate, and respond to system interactions. Demonstrate leadership behaviors., PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh ..., Enjoy a free download of the PMBOK ® Guide and other PMI Standards, perfect for learning and reference. Also, get unlimited access to PMIstandards+ ™ for instant, searchable content from our Standards and Guides, along with exclusive articles, videos, graphics, and templates that apply across various industries and approaches. View the PMBOK ... , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK(r) Guide) Fifth Edition reflects the collaboration and knowledge of working project managers and provides the fundamentals of project management as they apply to a wide range of projects. This internationally recognized standard gives project managers the essential tools to practice project management and deliver organizational results., Step 7 - Save PDF File on your device. When prompted, select “Save” to save the PDF to your device. Download the Previous Edition. PMI members can still download the PMBOK ® Guide, 6th Edition. Simply scroll down on the same page and you’ll see the section PMBOK ® Guide - Sixth Edition with a drop down list for language …, PMBOK stands for Project Management Body of Knowledge, and it is a collection of guidelines, terminology, and processes that are widely accepted in the project management profession., PMBOK® Guide recognizes 5 basic process groups and 10 knowledge areas typical of almost all projects. The basic concepts are applicable to projects, programs and operations. The five basic process groups are: Initiating, Planning, Executing, Controlling and Monitoring, and. Closing. Processes overlap and interact throughout a project or phase., PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® …, Unlock effective project management in any industry with the PMBOK ® Guide. The world-renowned project management book features The Standard for Project Management , …, Thankfully, the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) gives us a strong foundation in this area. Project Cost Management is the fourth of 10 project management knowledge areas within the PMBOK. It contains 4 processes. Three of these occur in the planning process group as they involve the determination of the project budgets., Programs have proven vital to implementing strategic initiatives—and critical to organizational success. The Standard for Program Management - Fourth Edition is the definitive guide for individuals and organizations seeking to mature their program management practices. It is principle-based, making it a powerful tool for a broad range of organizations, regardless of project delivery approach., Apr 28, 2024 · PMI’s Standards and Publications department announces that it is initiating development to revise The PMBOK® Guide. Building upon the Principles-based Seventh Edition, extensive market research has been conducted to understand best practices in the field and content required to serve the needs of the project management community. , Traditional PMBOK, or Project Management Body of Knowledge, is a set of standards and best practices for project management. Traditional PMBOK projects are planned in detail upfront, and follow a ..., A standard is a document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, which provides for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context. Developed under a process based on the concepts of consensus, openness ..., Bring the power of project management to your team. Grow your business or non-profit with the very same building blocks trusted by many of the world's top organizations. View Resources to Advance Your Organization. Welcome to PMI! Explore our project management certifications, resources, and global community to unleash your potential and ..., The latest version of the PMBOK Guide (A Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge) is 7th edition. It was released in August 2021. The current PMP exam (Project Management Professional) is not based on any particular book but is aligned to three PMI publications viz. PMBOK Guide seventh edition, Process Groups Practice …, The Project Management Institute (PMI) released the PMBOK® Guide, Seventh Edition in August 2021. This edition is a principles-based guide as opposed to the process-based guide of the Sixth Edition. In this article, let's look at each principle and why each one matters with respect to managing risks., Essential project management forms aligned to the PMBOK ® Guide—Sixth Edition. A Project Manager's Book of Forms is an essential companion to the Project Management Institute's A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge.Packed with ready-made forms for managing every stage in any project, this book offers both new and …, PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh ..., PMBOK, atau lengkapnya A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), adalah suatu buku yang memuat himpunan istilah dan pedoman untuk manajemen proyek yang diterbitkan oleh Project Management Institute (PMI). Edisi pertamanya diterbitkan pada tahun 1996 dan edisi kelima pada 2013 oleh Institusi Proyek Manajemen. Pedoman PMBOK membagi proyek menjadi 42 proses yang ..., PMBOK commonalities include parts of Project Integration Management as well as Project Scope, Risk, and Stakeholder Management. While there are clear commonalities between the BABOK and PMBOK Knowledge Areas, each has its own uniqueness when explored in depth. An orientation to project management versus …, A Guide to the PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE (PMBOK ® GUIDE ) Sixth Edition. ax lerate. Download Free PDF View PDF. A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE PMI Standards Committee. deby gomez. Download Free PDF View PDF. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America., PMBOK 7 has 49 processes. It is a 370-page comprehensive guide with pictures and illustrations and takes about various project management processes, including project briefing, project quality control, scope control, project closure, etc. It is not difficult to learn these processes., pmbokはプロジェクト管理において非常に有効な概念ですが、万能というわけではありません。 ガイドブック通りに進めるだけではなく、柔軟な対応が必要になります。 pmbokの活用で注意したい点をまとめましたので、参考にしてください。, Oct 26, 2004 · The risk response plan will differ greatly depending upon the consequence. The best approach is to start a risk identification meeting by defining ‘risk' in very common words (e.g. “A risk is something that keeps you awake at night.” “A risk is what makes you nervous or uncomfortable about the project”). , Thankfully, the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) gives us a strong foundation in this area. Project Cost Management is the fourth of 10 project management knowledge areas within the PMBOK. It contains 4 processes. Three of these occur in the planning process group as they involve the determination of the project budgets., PMBOK is the abbreviated form of Project Management Body of Knowledge. On the other hand, PRINCE2 is the abbreviated form of Projects in Controlled Environments. PMBOK was established by the USA-based Projects Management Institute (PMI), and PRINCE2 was developed by Axelos, which is based in the UK. Both these frameworks …, The PMBOK® Guide-Sixth Edition - PMI's flagship publication has been updated to reflect the latest good practices in project management. New to the Sixth Edition, each knowledge area will contain a section entitled Approaches for Agile, Iterative and Adaptive Environments, describing how these practices integrate in project settings., Tailoring Process as Outlined in the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition 7 1 Select Initial Development Approach SELECT: • Predictive • Adaptive • Hybrid 2 Tailor for Organization 4 Implement Ongoing Improvement 3 Tailor for Project Choose a development approach best suited to the endeavor Modify based on organizational requirements Adjust ..., The PMBOK® Guide serves as a reference for anyone interested in project management by focusing on knowledge and practices applicable to "most projects most of the time". The general consensus is that the PMBOK® Guide is valuable and useful. In fact, the PMBOK® Guide has become the de facto global, standard for project …, The PMBOK Guide is known by its adherent as the global standard for project management. It describes a conceptual level of knowledge and practice that are considered essential in the profession of project management. Therefore, the PMBOK Guide offers basic project management information about `what to do' rather than `how to do it'., Jul 28, 2021 · はじめに pmbokといえば、pmiが世界中のプロマネの実務家から意見を集めてプロジェクトマネジメントについて知識体系化している分厚い本、というイメージです。 いや、でした。。。以前の第6版までは(7版からはすごく薄い)。